From: owner-roc-digest@lists.xmission.com (roc-digest) To: roc-digest@lists.xmission.com Subject: roc-digest V2 #164 Reply-To: roc-digest Sender: owner-roc-digest@lists.xmission.com Errors-To: owner-roc-digest@lists.xmission.com Precedence: bulk roc-digest Thursday, July 16 1998 Volume 02 : Number 164 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Wed, 15 Jul 98 17:36:38 PST From: roc@xpresso.seaslug.org (Bill Vance) Subject: NewHoo (fwd) On Jul 15, Richard Hartman wrote: [-------------------- text of forwarded message follows --------------------] I just finished checking out http://www.newhoo.com. I have no idea whether this will catch on or not, but their willingness to accept volunteer editors for any category is an opportunity. I agree those of us who have the time should volunteer. For example, the Sports section has roughly three dozen categories... but only one related to firearms, "Hunting". I don't know about you, but I participate in quite a few firearm hobbies: Plinking, pin shooting, and other stationary target sports with both handguns and long guns; sporting clays, skeet, trap, and other shotgun sports; etc. There are numerous other categories that I haven't even gotten into yet, including DCM, reloading, extreme accuracy, practical pistol, cowboy action... the list is long. Seems to me that we ought to be able to create 8-12 firearm related categories in the Sports section alone, all of which will be entirely legitimate sports in their own rights. Then there's the Politics area. Self-defense, hunting, CCW, interstate CCW... get the idea? Our chosen hobby/profession is extremely broad spectrumed, yet the only thing anyone has bothered to include is "Hunting". How different would be the impression given to visitors if 20-30% of the Sports and Politics topics were related to firearms. Not "invented" topics, but serious, honest categories and issues facing the RKBA community. Perhaps we'd increase our profile just a little, and not be dismissed as oddballs and weirdos who dream of nothing but slaughtering children on playgrounds. Perhaps visitors would become more aware that there are numerous good, entertaining, healthy uses for firearms. And the hyperlinks would allow them to learn more if their interest was piqued. A few volunteers are needed. All it costs is time. Isn't your hobby/profession, and your rights, worth at least that? RLH [------------------------- end of forwarded message ------------------------] - -- - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***** Blessings On Thee, Oh Israel! ***** - ----------------+----------+--------------------------+--------------------- An _EFFECTIVE_ | Insured | All matter is vibration. | Let he who hath no weapon in every | by COLT; | -- Max Plank | weapon sell his hand = Freedom | DIAL | In the beginning was the | garment and buy a on every side! | 1911-A1. | word. -- The Bible | sword.--Jesus Christ - ----------------+----------+--------------------------+--------------------- - - ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 15 Jul 1998 23:50:18 -0700 From: Liberty or Death Subject: (fwd) Terms of Surrender This message was given to us by a programmer who recently quit a major Y2K compliance project for the government. He wishes to remain anonymous. - J.J. Terms of Surrender ATTENTION Federal Government (and others as well): Well, well... After months of us being called names from "chicken little" to "doomsday alarmists," William Jefferson Clinton has finally addressed the Y2K problem and the potential damage that could occur on or before New Year's Day, 2000. This means that you (the government) have finally admitted your weakness - your Achilles heel. With that in mind, we think now is the time for all of us to sit down and have a little chat. Computer experts have stated that virtually every programmer available is in use today, and you still need 500,000 to 750,000 programmers to repair the problems - just here in the US. Since many of these computers use old languages (FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, etc.), you are under the impression that the original programmers are long gone. It is this false impression you have that enables us to offer you the Terms of your Surrender to the American public. But remember, this olive branch we offer - this agreement, will be pulled off the table on December 31, 1998. It's your choice. First, a little background: You figured that since those old mainframes that were built in the 50s, 60s, and 70s they were programmed by people who have long since retired. At least that's what you said publicly. But the fact is, many of those same mainframes were upgraded since then. Remember the Reagan Revolution? Yes, all the young corporate raiders - the ones that re-tooled the military, and helped build all those modern skyscrapers. Didn't they also program (and re-program) many of those machines for an ever expanding government? Where are they? Admit it. Most of the folks who programmed those mainframes in the past have not retired, died, or disappeared. Just use the math. Most of those old mainframe programmers can't be more than 55 today. But where are they? Who are they? They are the people who served you breakfast in that greasy spoon on your way to work this morning. The guy who shined your shoes. That janitor you saw the other day. That old cab driver who took you to the airport. The middle aged woman behind the ticket counter. The guy pumping gas at that rural truck stop. The truck driver himself. Maybe that right-wing talk show host. Some are in jail for crimes without victims - crimes against you, the government. The people you called names for daring to speak out against government atrocities. The people that have been talking about this potential problem for almost 20 years. The people who get on the internet and write letters like this. By now, a light bulb has probably gone off in your head. "Have we been set up?", "Hoodwinked?" The answer is, no. You haven't. Yes, we remember those old languages. Some of us even have the source books. You see, you made us sit there and "vegetate" in front of that old key-punch machine or keyboard, and then took all the credit for the new innovations, while taxing us into involuntary servitude. So, we found better things to do with our lives. We dropped out. Of course, we realize now that the future of the world economy and government as we know it is in peril. You're probably wondering why haven't we told you this earlier and come to the rescue? ANSWER: We don't want to. If crashing the entire world economy is what it takes to bring down agencies like the IRS, FBI, FEMA, and the EPA then so be it. We know we can never really beat you by force. You think we don't know that helping you solve your computer problem would only place heavier yokes on us down the road? Didn't you consider that went you hired those "geeks" to fix your problems? Nope. You were so desperate to fix the problem, you never bother to ask the person, "Say, how do you feel about big government, anyway? How do your parents feel about it?" You figured throwing money (our money) at the problem would be the cure. The only guarantee you have that your Y2K bug is cured is "our word on it." Now, you're in a panic mode. You're probably thinking, "Gee, what if one (or more) of those Y2K computer repair people are really..." Don't say it. We know what you're thinking. And besides, it's too late. Don't even try and blame us for it. There's no conspiracy here. Nobody "formed an agreement" to screw up your systems. In fact many of us tried to tell you. But we were written off as alarmists. Smarty pants. Making excuses for not doing our jobs. You pushed us. All you wanted was results. Meet the deadline. Meet the deadline. Save memory space. Worry about the other problems later. By then there would be some other suckers to enslave. Sorry, but we're all slaved out. You're hoping (and looking) for a "silver bullet." Well, there is a silver bullet. In fact, we ARE the silver bullet. We know the systems. We know the codes. And with a little time, we can fix the problem. But in order to gain our assistance, you must first meet the following terms: - --------------------------------------------------- SURRENDER NOW We want the 16th amendment, and all laws passed thereto, repealed. This means ALL of Title 26 of the US code. That will include all those stupid tax and gun laws. SURRENDER NOW We want a constitutional amendment passed removing the phrases, "regulate interstate commerce," and "promote the general welfare" removed from the constitution. You've perverted their true meaning for far too long. SURRENDER NOW Repeal the 17th amendment. We want our states to have the ability to recall treasonous Senators whenever we see fit. SURRENDER NOW All agencies will be tested for its justifiable existence under the 9th and 10 amendments. It not, all employees of said agency must be terminated from employment - without compensation. Don't worry, they'll find other jobs. They can grow the food you've told farmers not to grow. They can make the natural medicine that the FDA has regulated out of existence. They can manufacture the products you've farmed off to third world countries. There will be plenty of work available. It's called a "free market." SURRENDER NOW Give up the land holdings. NOW. No more harassing farmers for grazing rights. No more wetlands grabbing. Scrap all the "biodiversity" regions. No more kicking people off "public" land. If you need land for the military, fine. But that's about it. Anything else goes private. Period. SURRENDER NOW We want you out of our paychecks, out of our churches, out of our medicine cabinets, out of our homes, out of the U.N. and of course - OFF the internet! SURRENDER NOW Every potential juror in every court must be told they have the right to not only judge the facts, but the law itself - no matter what the judge says. They will NOT be held in contempt for making a decision. SURRENDER NOW All political prisoners (US citizens charged with crimes against government -- IRS, drug, gun, etc.) are to receive amnesty. That's about 75% of the federal inmate population. SURRENDER NOW All federal employees, agents, and officers who have committed violent crimes against U.S. citizens, who have committed High Treason, shall be tried according to the law - in state courts. SURRENDER NOW Or fix these problems yourself. We know this is a tall order, and you probably won't agree to any of it. In fact, you'll probably never admit that you even read this. But we know you are monitoring our communications. So here's some little secrets that will help motivate your decision. Read the news stories about programmers who have quit and are moving to the hills? And all those naval officers who are quitting? And all of those pilots? And all of those doctors? They are among the thousands (probably millions) joining us in our rural retreats. We've got the bibles, the beans, the bandages, the bullets -- and the brains. And you can't have them. I'm sure your federal snitches have given you numerous reports of people who simply won't file their tax returns next year. They're probably doing the same thing. Why bother? You'll have no way of counting it, anyway. Good luck trying to spend billions to fix the Y2K problem with only millions (or thousands) to pay for it. Nobody told us to do it. We've made up our own minds. We would rather starve than take your national ID cards. We would rather die than take a mark on our forehead or hands. The tobacco companies won't bail you out. The firearms manufacturers won't bail you out. The Chinese won't bail you out. And don't be surprised to see people closing out all those IRAs, 401k's and mutual fund accounts by the middle of next year. We'll need the cash for those last few bits of survival gear. Next year, you will be on your own. Don't bother having CNN and the AP lie to us and say that you've fixed the problem. We won't believe it. We know the programmers. We are the programmers. We are the silver bullet. And we have absolutely no desire to repair the problem no matter how many federal reserve notes you print out. We will watch from afar - from a safe distance. We will survive. We will say a prayer for you, and the poor slobs who supported you, as they lose what little grip they have on civilized life. You will reap what you have sewn. Economics chaos, food shortages, disease, death and destruction will take over the cities. You will be powerless to stop it. And we will not fire a shot to make it happen. Some cities will indeed end in flames - flames that will light a path to our posterity's freedom. Ugly scenario, isn't it? Surrender now. None of us will be entertained by watching you wither up and die. What a sobering way to ring in the next millennium. But it won't be our problem. It's is not our duty to help you. We'll have the unfortunate duty of properly disposing of your rotting corpses. Agree to our terms, and some of us - a few of us, may agree to help you in return. So, think about it. Also think about what happened recently in Russia, Japan, Indonesia, Pakistan, North Korea, and other countries now undergoing economic and societal meltdown. Go ask them how well their computers worked to help save them. Remember who sold them to them (I'm sure they do). And take a look at history: No great nation has ever fallen from a force of arms, but from an unwillingless of its citizenry to support it. If you would like more insight on this phenomenon, read Atlas Shrugged, by Ayn Rand. It was written in the 40's. It has sold more copies than anything but the Bible (including your little Red Book) and it's still available in major book stores everywhere. For those of you who can't read (i.e. recent public school graduates), you can find it on audiocassette. There will be no IMF around when it happens nor will there be any taxpayers left to foot the bill. Think about these terms, and make a decision. But remember, the clock is ticking (no pun intended). We'll be watching C-SPAN, awaiting your decision, John Q. Public - We are everywhere. - - Monte - -------------------------------------------------------------------- Let the sea roar and its fulness, The world and those who dwell in it. Let the rivers clap their hands; Let the mountains sing together for joy before the Lord. For He is coming to judge the earth; He will judge the world with righteousness, And the peoples with equity. - Psalm 98 - -------------------------------------------------------------------- - - ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 16 Jul 1998 08:36:57 -0700 From: Liberty or Death Subject: (fwd) FLASH: Clinton Backs Down >Exegesis > >A Compass For Moral Excellence >Published Worldwide From Washington > >The White House has just announced that Executive Order 13083 will be put >on hold for another 90 days to allow time for consultation. > >Exegesis readers have been bombarding Congress with telephone calls and >faxes this morning. Representatives of the "Big Seven" States have voiced >their fury with Mr. Clinton. I heard directly from staff of Gov. Pete >Wilson (CA) and John Engler (MI) that they had called The White House after >seeing this week's Exegesis. > >I wouldn't dream of suggesting that we were responsible for this important >victory. This is the result of like-minded people saying "Enough is >enough" and using every means possible to oppose tyranny. > >However, I think we're entitled to take a few minutes for a quick sigh of >relief, a toast of lemonade (or something stronger) and then on with the >work of opoosing this dreadful order and re-creating the America we love. > >Even The Washington Post is reporting the climbdown. >http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1998-07/16/043r-071698-idx.html > >Praise the Lord! We have much more to do, but be encouraged: we're making >a difference! > >See you on August 8 for American Renewal Day! We may have something to >celebrate! Get your tickets now while we still have some left. There's a >form at http://www.sm.org/events > >With best wishes > >Steve Myers >Editor - - Monte - -------------------------------------------------------------------- Let the sea roar and its fulness, The world and those who dwell in it. Let the rivers clap their hands; Let the mountains sing together for joy before the Lord. For He is coming to judge the earth; He will judge the world with righteousness, And the peoples with equity. - Psalm 98 - -------------------------------------------------------------------- - - ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 16 Jul 98 13:24:21 PST From: roc@xpresso.seaslug.org (Bill Vance) Subject: Re: second amendment (fwd) On Jul 16, larry ball wrote: [-------------------- text of forwarded message follows --------------------] An Open Letter To The Japanese Ambassador* by L. Neil Smith lneil@ezlink.com Kunihiko Saito Ambassador to the United States Japanese Embassy 2520 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 Sir: I'm writing to inform you that you and your government are in the process of mortally offending more than a quarter of the people of this nation, representing about half the households in America. I refer to the 70 million decent and honorable men, women, and children who choose to exercise their unalienable individual, civil, Constitutional, and human right to obtain, own, and carry weapons -- and to the dishonorable and despicable effort of your United Nations delegates to pressure member nations into suppressing that right. Americans have fought many international conflicts over the past couple of centuries. In each, they've been convinced -- with whatever degree of justification -- that they were fighting essentially to preserve the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, commonly known as the Bill of Rights, one article of which directly addresses the right to own and carry weapons. Most Americans are unaware of what you and your government are up to so far, but I want you to imagine what could happen once they learn how you're trying to deprive them of their rights. I want you to imagine even those Americans who don't presently choose to own personal weapons, angrier at you than at any time since World War II. As one of my correspondents recently put it, during the Cold War, Americans represented a sort of "thin khaki line" between your people and Soviet domination, defending rights and values you're now attempting to deprive us of. Perhaps, he offers, we shouldn't have gone to all that effort. Imagine what would have happened if we hadn't. Imagine what would happen now if we just pulled out, sending you a bill for the entire 50-year period. Imagine what could happen if Americans perceive this attempt to abrogate their rights as the moral equivalent to your attack on Pearl Harbor. Imagine thousands of angry letters appearing in newspapers and thousands of calls to radio stations, informing even more readers and listeners of your determination to destroy the Bill of Rights. Imagine a flood of letters and calls to your embassy and consulates. Imagine hordes of pickets marching back and forth in front of every Japanese diplomatic and corporate estabaishment in America. Another thing you need to imagine is the diplomatic repercussions. Most Americans are fed up with the very idea of diplomatic immunity. Imagine widespread demands to revoke yours, on the grounds that you're tampering with the internal politics of a nation in which you have heretofore been a honored guest? Imagine being open to injunctions, civil suits, demands for restitution, even criminal prosecution under a future administration more amenable to the concept of Bill of Rights enforcement than the present one happens to be? Imagine the success of efforts presently underway to prevent the United States from handing another penny to the United Nations, and to terminate American membership in that organization altogether? More to the point, in a country that's never been very comfortable about purchasing expensive foreign goods -- and where feelings run so high that Japanese cars used to be smashed and burned in Detroit parking lots -- imagine deferred purchases of Japanese products such as automobiles and trucks, including those manufactured here. Imagine: how many percentage points must Japanese auto sales drop before you decide that your attempt to disarm Americans is too expensive? Two percent? Five percent? Ten percent? Imagine how many billions of dollars that represents, how many trillions of yen. Now imagine a boycott aimed at a single product-type like cars, trucks, vans, and SUVs, spreading to others: stereos, TVs, cameras, and computers. How many more billion dollars? How many more trillion yen? There are many other countries you don't _have_ to imagine -- Germany, China, Taiwan, and Korea come to mind -- eager to fill the gap created by such a boycott. Even once it ended, you'd have lost customers permanently to your international competitors. Wouldn't you say Japan is in enough economic trouble already? Imagine how many Americans are angry over the billions our government is giving you now. Imagine how they'll feel when they learn what you're "giving" them in return. Why go looking for more trouble on the infantile whim of the politically feeble-minded among you? Your culture is infamous for demanding that others respect its customs and traditions, however backward and oppressive. In this century alone, your nation butchered unarmed thousands in Manchuria, laid waste to most of Asia and the Pacific, even let its soldiers eat their prisoners of war. The nation that raped Nanking, Manila, and Singapore, and enslaved then hysterectomized "comfort women" to make them more available to the Emperor's troops without the inconvenience of menstrual periods, has no right criticizing our ownership of guns. Between 1935 and 1945 Japan killed almost six million people, dwarfing American criminal violence, rivalling that of Hitler, Stalin, Mao, and exceeding that of Pol Pot. Recently, you've been denying these crimes that millions were witness to, but that only makes Japan look more ridiculous and guilty than it already is. Even today, you discriminate viciously against the Ainu, the Burakumin, and non-Japanese living in Japan, especially Koreans and ethnically mixed individuals. Japan's culture is so intolerable to its own people that they kill themselves at a rate almost double that of the United States. Your police search people's homes whenever they wish; so many arrestees confess that your interrogation methods must surely be of interest to Amnesty International. Yet you have the nerve to try to take the moral high ground with us. Perhaps you should reflect carefully on whether the world should emulate your ways, including your gun laws, or ours. The fact is, your attempt to interfere with the more refined and libertarian traditions of our culture is, at the least, hypocritical. And since you can hardly be unaware that guns in private hands save between two and four million American lives every year, I can only conclude that you're willing to sacrifice those millions to further this evil, halfwitted, and thoroughly discredited scheme which we have learned to call by its right name, "victim disarmament". Americans are presently burdened, from the city to the national level, with the most corrupt and brutal government in our history -- a government that agrees with you that concepts like the Bill of Rights are as disposable as used toilet paper. But if you understand anything about us, understand that this only means we'll work harder to assure stringent enforcement of the Bill of Rights, not only in our country, but (with the precedent of interference provided by your government) to encourage the birth of a radical individualist movement in Japan. If you think that Levis and MacDonald's have captured the attention of your youth, wait until they taste the idea of freedom. Imagine: informed by Americans like me that they, too, are the exclusive owners of their own lives and all the products of their lives, your people demanding that you recognize their unalienable individual, civil, Constitutional, and human right to obtain, own and carry weapons. Don't you imagine that it's time you gave up your attempt in the United Nations to disarm everyone on the planet? - -- *Excerpted from The Libertarian Enterprise, June 19, 1998: http://www.webleyweb.com/tle/libe38-19980619.html L. Neil Smith is the award-winning author of _The Probability Broach_, _Pallas_, _Henry Martyn_, and other novels, as well as publisher of _The Libertarian Enterprise_, available free by e-mail subscription or at http://www.webleyweb.com/tle/index.html. More of Neil's essays can be found on the "Webley Page", at http://www.webleyweb.com/lneil/index.html. Permission to redistribute this article is herewith granted by the author -- provided that it is reproduced unedited, in its entirety, and appropriate credit given. [------------------------- end of forwarded message ------------------------] - -- - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***** Blessings On Thee, Oh Israel! ***** - ----------------+----------+--------------------------+--------------------- An _EFFECTIVE_ | Insured | All matter is vibration. | Let he who hath no weapon in every | by COLT; | -- Max Plank | weapon sell his hand = Freedom | DIAL | In the beginning was the | garment and buy a on every side! | 1911-A1. | word. -- The Bible | sword.--Jesus Christ - ----------------+----------+--------------------------+--------------------- - - ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 16 Jul 98 21:11:52 PST From: roc@xpresso.seaslug.org (Bill Vance) Subject: RE: Illinois Incident (fwd) On Jul 16, Mike Riddle wrote: [-------------------- text of forwarded message follows --------------------] ET phoned in with: >If and when you get the chance, you might try a bit of historical >research on the subject of firearms law of your State. >What I'd really care to know is does your State Constitution have a >firearms specific Right built in >From [suppressed] on another (closed) list: I attach my tentative list of state constitutional provisions, together with any earlier versions that I could find. I've tried to make it complete. The list has yet to be cite-checked, and that some of the dates might be off -- I got a lot of the pre-1908 provisions from Thorpe, and I've noticed that at times the date given in Thorpe is a year off from the official effective date. If you find any errors, in the text, the citation, or in the dates, *please* let me know. Many thanks to xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx a law student working here at the Law Library, for his research help. I intend to publish the list as an appendix to my state constitutional right to keep and bear arms article, once that's written . . . . (I hope to have it done and ready to send out to the law reviews by September, and perhaps even a bit earlier.) Alabama: That every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense of art. I, sec. 23, with "defence" in place of "defense," spelling changed 1901). Alaska: A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. The individual right to keep and bear arms shall not be denied or infringed by the State or a political subdivision of the State. Alaska Const. art. I, sec. 19 (first sentence enacted 1959, second sentence added 1994). Arizona: The right of the individual citizen to bear arms in defense of himself or the State shall not be impaired, but nothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing individuals or corporations to organize, maintain, or employ an armed body of men. Ariz. Const. art. II, sec. 26 (enacted 1912). Arkansas: The citizens of this State shall have the right to keep and bear arms for their common defense. Ark. Const. art. II, sec. 5 (enacted 1868, art. I, sec. 5). 1836: "That the free white men of this State shall have a right to keep and to bear arms for their common defence." Art. II, sec. 21. California: No provision. Colorado: The right of no person to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person and property, or in aid of the civil power when thereto legally summoned, shall be called in question; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to justify the practice of carrying concealed weapons. Colo. Const. art. II, sec. 13 (enacted 1876, art. II, sec. 13). Connecticut: Every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense of himself and the state. Conn. Const. art. I, sec. 15 (enacted 1818, art. I, sec. 17). The original 1818 text came from the Mississippi Constitution of 1817. See Wesley W. Horton, The Connecticut State Constitution: A Reference Guide 73. Delaware: A person has the right to keep and bear arms for the defense of self, family, home and State, and for hunting and recreational use. Del. Const. art. I, sec. 20 (enacted 1987). Florida: (a) The right of the people to keep and bear arms in defense of themselves and of the lawful authority of the state shall not be infringed, except that the manner of bearing arms may be regulated by law. (b) There shall be a mandatory period of three days, excluding weekends and legal holidays, between the purchase and delivery at retail of any handgun. For the purposes of this section, "purchase" means the transfer of money or other valuable consideration to the retailer, and "handgun" means a firearm capable of being carried and used by one hand, such as a pistol or revolver. Holders of a concealed weapon permit as prescribed in Florida law shall not be subject to the provisions of this paragraph. (c) The legislature shall enact legislation implementing subsection (b) of this section, effective no later than December 31, 1991, which shall provide that anyone violating the provisions of subsection (b) shall be guilty of a felony. (d) This restriction shall not apply to a trade in of another handgun. Fla. Const. art. I, sec. 8 (sections (b)-(d) added in 1990). 1838: "That the free white men of this State shall have a right to keep and to bear arms for their common defence." Art. I, sec. 21. 1865: Clause omitted. 1868: "The people shall have the right to bear arms in defence of themselves and of the lawful authority of the State." Art. I, sec. 22. 1885: "The right of the people to bear arms in defence of themselves and the lawful authority of the State, shall not be infringed, but the Legislature may prescribe the manner in which they may be borne." Art. I, sec. 20. 1968: "The right of the people to keep and bear arms in defense of themselves and of the lawful authority of the state shall not be infringed, except that the manner of bearing arms may be regulated by law." Georgia: The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but the General Assembly shall have power to prescribe the manner in which arms may be borne. Ga. Const. art. I, sec. 1, VIII (enacted 1877, art. I, sec. XXII). 1865: "A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." Art. I, sec. 4. 1868: "A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free people, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; but the general assembly shall have power to prescribe by law the manner in which arms may be borne." Art. I, sec. 14. Hawaii: A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Haw. Const. art. I, sec. 17 (enacted 1950). Idaho: The people have the right to keep and bear arms, which right shall not be abridged; but this provision shall not prevent the passage of laws to govern the carrying of weapons concealed on the person nor prevent passage of legislation providing minimum sentences for crimes committed while in possession of a firearm, nor prevent the passage of legislation providing penalties for the possession of firearms by a convicted felon, nor prevent the passage of any legislation punishing the use of a firearm. No law shall impose licensure, registration or special taxation on the ownership or possession of firearms or ammunition. Nor shall any law permit the confiscation of firearms, except those actually used in the commission of a felony. Idaho Const. art. I, sec. 11 (enacted 1978). 1889: "The people have the right to bear arms for their security and defense; but the Legislature shall regulate the exercise of this right by law." Art. I, sec. 11. Illinois: Subject only to the police power, the right of the individual citizen to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Ill. Const. art. I, sec. 22 (enacted 1970). Indiana: The people shall have a right to bear arms, for the defense of themselves and the State. Ind. Const. art. I, sec. 32 (enacted 1851, art. I, sec. 32). 1816: That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and the State, and that the military shall be kept in strict subordination to the civil power. Art. I, sec. 20. Iowa: No provision. Kansas: The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and security; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be tolerated, and the military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Kan. Const. Bill of Rights, sec. 4 (enacted 1859, art. I, sec. 4). Kentucky: All men are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inherent and inalienable rights, among which may be reckoned: First: The right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties. . . . Seventh: The right to bear arms in defense of themselves and of the State, subject to the power of the General Assembly to enact laws to prevent persons from carrying concealed weapons. Ky. Const. sec. 1 (enacted 1891). 1792: "That the right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State shall not be questioned." Art. XII, sec. 23. 1799: "That the rights of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State shall not be questioned." Art. X, sec. 23. 1850: "That the rights of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State shall not be questioned; but the General Assembly may pass laws to prevent persons from carrying concealed arms." Art. XIII, sec. 25. Louisiana: The right of each citizen to keep and bear arms shall not be abridged, but this provision shall not prevent the passage of laws to prohibit the carrying of weapons concealed on the person. La. Const. art. I, sec. 11 (enacted 1974). 1879: "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be abridged. This shall not prevent the passage of laws to punish those who carry weapons concealed." Art. 3. Maine: Every citizen has a right to keep and bear arms and this right shall never be questioned. Maine Const. art. I, sec. 16 (enacted 1987, after a collective-rights interpretation of the original provision, see Marshall J. Tinkle, The Maine State Constitution: A Reference Guide 48). 1819: "Every citizen has a right to keep and bear arms for the common defence; and this right shall never be questioned." Art. I, sec. 16. Maryland: No provision. Massachusetts: The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence. And as, in time of peace, armies are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority, and be governed by it. Mass. Const. pt. 1, art. 17 (enacted 1780). Michigan: Every person has a right to keep and bear arms for the defense of himself and the state. Mich. Const. art. I, sec. 6 (enacted 1835). Minnesota: No provision. Mississippi: The right of every citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person, or property, or in aid of the civil power when thereto legally summoned, shall not be called in question, but the legislature may regulate or forbid carrying concealed weapons. Miss. Const. art. III, sec. 12 (enacted 1890, art. 3, sec. 12). 1817: "Every citizen has a right to bear arms, in defence of himself and the State." Art. I, sec. 23. 1832: "Every citizen has a right to bear arms in defence of himself and of the State." Art. I, sec. 23. 1868: "All persons shall have a right to keep and bear arms for their defence." Art. I, sec. 15. Missouri: That the right of every citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person and property, or when lawfully summoned in aid of the civil power, shall not be questioned; but this shall not justify the wearing of concealed weapons. Missouri Const. art. I, sec. 23 (enacted 1945). 1820: "That the people have the right peaceably to assemble for their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of government for redress of grievances by petition or remonstrance; and that their right to bear arms in defence of themselves and of the State cannot be questioned." Art. XIII, sec. 3. 1865: Same as above, but with "the lawful authority of the State" instead of "the State." Art. I, sec. 8. 1875: "That the right of no citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person and property, or in aid of the civil power, when thereto legally summoned, shall be called into question; but nothing herein contained is intended to justify the practice of wearing concealed weapons." Art. II, sec. 17. Montana: The right of any person to keep or bear arms in defense of his own home, person, and property, or in aid of the civil power when thereto legally summoned, shall not be called in question, but nothing herein contained shall be held to permit the carrying of concealed weapons. Mont. Const. art. II, sec. 12 (enacted 1889). Nebraska: All persons are by nature free and independent, and have certain inherent and inalienable rights; among these are life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, and the right to keep and bear arms for security or defense of self, family, home, and others, and for lawful common defense, hunting, recreational use, and all other lawful purposes, and such rights shall not be denied or infringed by the state or any subdivision thereof. To secure these rights, and the protection of property, governments are instituted among people, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Neb. Const. art. I, sec. 1 (right to keep and bear arms enacted 1988). Nevada: Every citizen has the right to keep and bear arms for security and defense, for lawful hunting and recreational use and for other lawful purposes. Nev. Const. art. I, sec. 11(1) (enacted 1982). New Hampshire: All persons have the right to keep and bear arms in defense of themselves, their families, their property and the state. N.H. Const pt. 1, art. 2-a (enacted 1982). New Jersey: No provision. New Mexico: No law shall abridge the right of the citizen to keep and bear arms for security and defense, for lawful hunting and recreational use and for other lawful purposes, but nothing herein shall be held to permit the carrying of concealed weapons. No municipality or county shall regulate, in any way, an incident of the right to keep and bear arms. N.M. Const. Art. II, sec. 6 (first sentence enacted in 1971, second sentence added 1986). 1912: "The people have the right to bear arms for their security and defense, but nothing herein shall be held to permit the carrying of concealed weapons." New York: No provision. North Carolina: A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; and, as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they shall not be maintained, and the military shall be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power. Nothing herein shall justify the practice of carrying concealed weapons, or prevent the General Assembly from enacting penal statutes against that practice. N.C. Const. Art. 1, sec. 30 (enacted 1971). 1776: "That the people have a right to bear arms, for the defence of the State; and, as standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power." Bill of Rights, sec. XVII. 1868: "A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; and, as standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up, and the military should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power." Art. I, sec. 24. 1875: Same as 1868, but added "Nothing herein contained shall justify the practice of carrying concealed weapons, or prevent the Legislature from enacting penal statutes against said practice." North Dakota: All individuals are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation; pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness; and to keep and bear arms for the defense of their person, family, property, and the state, and for lawful hunting, recreational, and other lawful purposes, which shall not be infringed. N.D. Const. Art. I, sec. 1 (right to keep and bear arms enacted 1984). Ohio: The people have the right to bear arms for their defense and security; but standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, and shall not be kept up; and the military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Ohio Const. Art. I, sec. 4 (enacted 1851). 1802: "That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the State; and as standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberty, they shall not be kept up, and that the military shall be kept under strict subordination to the civil power." Art. VIII, sec. 20. Oklahoma: The right of a citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person, or property, or in aid of the civil power, when thereunto legally summoned, shall never be prohibited; but nothing herein contained shall prevent the Legislature from regulating the carrying of weapons. Okla. Const. art. II, sec. 26 (enacted 1907). Oregon: The people shall have the right to bear arms for the defence of themselves, and the State, but the Military shall be kept in strict subordination to the civil power[.] Or. Const. Art. I, sec. 27 (enacted 1857, art. I, sec. 28). Pennsylvania: The right of the citizens to bear arms in defence of themselves and the State shall not be questioned. Penn. Const. Art. 1, sec. 21 (enacted 1790, art. IX, sec. 21). 1776: That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination, to, and governed by, the civil power. Declaration of Rights, cl. XIII. Rhode Island: The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. R.I. Const. art. I, sec. 22 (enacted 1842). South Carolina: A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. As, in times of peace, armies are dangerous to liberty, they shall not be maintained without the consent of the General Assembly. The military power of the State shall always be held in subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it. S.C. Const. art. 1, sec. 20 (enacted 1895). 1868: "The people have a right to keep and bear arms for the common defence. As, in times of peace . . . ." Art. I, sec. 28. South Dakota: The right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the state shall not be denied. S.D. Const. art. VI, sec. 24 (enacted 1889). Tennessee: That the citizens of this State have a right to keep and to bear arms for their common defense; but the Legislature shall have power, by law, to regulate the wearing of arms with a view to prevent crime. Tenn. Const. art. I, sec. 26 (enacted 1870). 1796: "That the freemen of this State have a right to keep and bear arms for their common defence." Art. XI, sec. 26. 1834: "That the freemen of this State have a right to keep and bear arms for their common defence." Art. I, sec. 26. Texas: Every citizen shall have the right to keep and bear arms in the lawful defense of himself or the State; but the Legislature shall have power, by law, to regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime. Tex. Const. art. I, sec. 23 (enacted 1876). 1836: "Every citizen shall have the right to bear arms in defence of himself and the republic. The military shall at all times and in all cases be subordinate to the civil power." Declaration of Rights, cl. 14. 1845: "Every citizen shall have the right to keep and bear arms in lawful defence of himself or the State." Art. I, sec. 13. 1868: "Every person shall have the right to keep and bear arms in the lawful defence of himself or the State, under such regulations as the legislature may prescribe." Art. I, sec. 13. Utah: The individual right of the people to keep and bear arms for security and defense of self, family, others, property, or the state, as well as for other lawful purposes shall not be infringed; but nothing herein shall prevent the legislature from defining the lawful use of arms. Utah Const. art. I, sec. 6 (enacted 1984). 1896: "The people have the right to bear arms for their security and defense, but the legislature may regulate the exercise of this right by law." Vermont: That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the State"and as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to and governed by the civil power. Vt. Const. ch. I, art. 16 (enacted 1777, ch. I, art. 15). Virginia: That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defense of a free state, therefore, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power. Va. Const. art. I, sec. 13 (enacted 1776 without explicit right to keep and bear arms; "therefore, the right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed" added in 1971). Washington: The right of the individual citizen to bear arms in defense of himself, or the state, shall not be impaired, but nothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing individuals or corporations to organize, maintain or employ an armed body of men. Wash. Const. art. I, sec. 24 (enacted 1889). West Virginia: A person has the right to keep and bear arms for the defense of self, family, home and state, and for lawful hunting and recreational use. W. Va. Const. art. III, sec. 22 (enacted 1986). Wisconsin: No provision. Wyoming: The right of citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and of the state shall not be denied. Wyo. Const. art. I, sec. 24 (enacted 1889). [------------------------- end of forwarded message ------------------------] - -- - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***** Blessings On Thee, Oh Israel! ***** - ----------------+----------+--------------------------+--------------------- An _EFFECTIVE_ | Insured | All matter is vibration. | Let he who hath no weapon in every | by COLT; | -- Max Plank | weapon sell his hand = Freedom | DIAL | In the beginning was the | garment and buy a on every side! | 1911-A1. | word. -- The Bible | sword.--Jesus Christ - ----------------+----------+--------------------------+--------------------- - - ------------------------------ End of roc-digest V2 #164 *************************